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While the concept of "Three Sisters" in companion planting—comprising corn, beans, and squash—is well-known among gardeners, the idea of a fruit tree guild remains less explored—a plant guild assemblages of interrelated plant species, typically anchored by a central element like a tree. The design fosters symbiotic relationships among the plants, enhancing the health and yield of the core element.
Gardens of Eatin highlights the potential for "guiding" fruit trees. This article aims to serve as a permaculture consultant's guide for building a fruitful and sustainable fruit tree guild.
Five Key Elements of a Fruit Tree Guild
When designing a fruit tree guild, it's essential to consider five vital elements: the core fruit tree, grass-suppressing bulbs, dynamic accumulators, nitrogen fixers, and insectary plants. Below, we delve into each component, offering species recommendations suited for the Southern Plains region.
1. The Core: Fruit Trees
The fruit tree serves as the central element, supported symbiotically by other plants in the guild. Here are some suitable fruit tree options for the Southern Plains:
Fig (Ficus carica' Celeste,' 'Brown Turkey,' Zones 6–9)
Peach (Prunus personal TexStar,' 'Spring Gold,' 'June Gold,' Zones 5–8)
Pear (Pyrus communis' Kieffer,' 'Moonglow,' 'Orient,' Zones 4–8)
Note: Nut trees like pecan and walnut are technically fruit trees and can also be considered core elements.
2. Grass-Suppressing Bulbs
To ensure the optimal growth of the fruit tree, grass-suppressing bulbs serve as valuable ground cover. Species such as bulbous iris, crinum lily, and alliums are excellent choices for this role. For example:
Leeks ('American Flag,' 'Dawn Giant,' 'King Richard')
Onions ('Vidalia,' 'Texas Supersweet')
Shallots ('French Red,' 'Dutch Yellow')
3. Dynamic Accumulators
These plants possess deep taproots that gather minerals from various soil depths, enriching the surrounding soil when their leaves decompose. Notable dynamic accumulators include:
Artichoke
Borage (Borago officinalis, Zones 2–11)
Comfrey (Symphytum spp. and CVS., Zones 4–8)
4. Nitrogen Fixers
Nitrogen-fixing plants, primarily legumes, improve soil fertility by capturing atmospheric nitrogen. Recommended species for the Southern Plains are:
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa, Zones 4–8)
Clover ('Silver River)
Southern peas ('Pinkeye Purple Hull,' 'Brown Crowder,' 'Big Red Ripper,' 'Mississippi Silver)
5. Insectary Plants
These plants attract beneficial insects that help in controlling pests on the central fruit tree. For the Southern Plains, consider these herbaceous plants:
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris, Zones 5–9)
Mint (Mentha spp. and CVS., Zones 4–8)
Obedient plant (Physostegia virginiana, Zones 3–9)
Experimentation and Sustainability
There is no one-size-fits-all formula for creating a successful fruit tree guild. However, experimenting with combinations from these five categories can greatly benefit fruit trees, particularly during their early years. A well-planned fruit tree guild reduces the need for additional inputs like water and fertilizer while offering enhanced pest protection. The resulting multitiered landscape is not only functional but also aesthetically pleasing.
By employing these permaculture principles, you can design a resilient, sustainable, fruitful tree guild tailored tour local ecology.
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